Introduction to E-learning: Types, Benefits and Strategies

Prologue to E-learning: Types, Benefits and Strategies Part 2. Foundation and Related Work Presentation During the most recent decade the measure of writing distributed in the field of eLearning has developed perceptibly, as has the decent variety in perspectives and perspectives of individuals who take a shot at this subject. The general foundation introduced here as to eLearning incorporates the definition, subtleties of various sorts and the idea of value. Data quality inside data frameworks (IS), web mining and data separating procedures are the fundamental territories on which supporting writing is basically engaged. Be that as it may, an inside and out clarification of each part of these examination fields is outside the extent of this writing audit. The writing introduced here is especially centered around the subtopics of these huge examination zones which are legitimately pertinent to this exploration. The structure of this section is isolated into three principle parts: a general perspective on eLearning including meanings of eLearning, a review of eLearning types and the idea of value in eLearning; data quality (IQ) inside ISs; and data extraction strategies. Each area incorporates various subsections which address the components that are applicable to this examination. ELearning In this piece of the writing survey, we center around eLearning by giving a conversation about the meanings of eLearning, eLearning types and the idea of value in eLearning. Also, in this segment we establish the framework for the general idea of value in eLearning whereupon the exploration will be based. This segment likewise presents a conversation about the connections between innovation, clients and substance in an eLearning setting. ELearning Definition The term eLearning is utilized in the writing and in business to portray numerous fields, for example, web based learning, electronic preparing, separation learning, appropriated learning, virtual learning, or innovation based preparing. During ongoing decades, eLearning has been characterized in a few cases in various ways. In any distribution in the field of eLearning, guarantee that the writers seeing precisely coordinates that of most of the perusers, subsequently, the particular definition utilized ought to be expressed first. Also, to arrive at a more clear comprehension of what eLearning is, in this piece of the proposal we present various meanings of eLearning as referenced in the writing. All in all, the majority of the meanings of the term eLearning are utilized to communicate the abuse of innovations which can be utilized to convey learning (or learning materials) in an electronic arrangement, doubtlessly by means of the World Wide Web (WWW). Psaromiligkos and Retalis consider eLearning to be the frameworks which use the WWW as a conveyance mechanism for static learning assets, for example, instructional documents, or as an interface onto intelligent The past definitions take a gander at eLearning as a rule; in more detail, eLearning can be as courses or as modules and littler learning materials it additionally could take different structures. Romiszowski considers these subtleties and sums up the definitions experienced in the writing in a way that stresses that eLearning can be a singular, singular action, or a shared gathering movement. It likewise proposes that both simultaneous and offbeat intuitive structures can be locked in. Naidu likewise thinks about the distinctions in the types of collaboration when attempting to figure a general meaning of eLearning: instructive procedures that use data and correspondences innovation to intercede offbeat just as coordinated learning and educating exercises. The position embraced in this examination is that eLearning involves the innovation used to disperse the learning materials, the nature of these materials, and the association with students. The meaning of eLearning utilized in this examination tends to these measurements as far as: the utilization of new sight and sound advancements and the Internet to improve the nature of learning by encouraging access to assets and administrations just as remote trade and joint efforts ELearning Types As notice prior, eLearning takes a wide range of structures and incorporates various sorts of frameworks. In the surviving writing eLearning types are characterized following two primary tomahawks: the client setting (people, gatherings or a network of clients) and clients commitment and intelligence. Romiszowski considers these subtleties and sums up the definitions experienced in the accompanying table, which underlines that eLearning can be a lone, singular action, or a collective gathering action. It additionally proposes that both coordinated and offbeat intelligent structures can be locked in. Looking all the more profoundly at the division of the types of intelligence utilized in eLearning frameworks, there are two principle sorts of eLearning: nonconcurrent and simultaneous, contingent upon learning and instructing exercises. Coordinated eLearning conditions require mentors and students, or the online cohorts, to be online simultaneously, where live connections occur between them. In this unique situation, Doherty depicts an Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN) as an assortment of eLearning frameworks which circulate learning materials and ideas toward each path in turn. In addition, Spencer and Hiltz express ALN as a spot where students can connect with learning materials, coaches and different students, through the WWW at various occasions and from better places. The focal point of this examination will be on a situation where understudies sign in to and utilize the framework freely of different understudies and staff individuals, just as utilizing offbeat techniques with respect to learning content, quality administration and conveyance which fit immovably into the general meaning of the nonconcurrent eLearning condition. Quality Concept in ELearning The meaning of eLearning received in this proposal speaks to three central measurements: innovation, access and quality. The concentration in this examination will be on quality, which is viewed as a critical issue for instruction when all is said in done, and for eLearning specifically. This area of the writing audit will talk about ideas of value in eLearning for the most part, and feature the significance of substance as the most basic factor for the general quality. At present, there are two perceived difficulties in eLearning: the interest for by and large interoperability and the solicitation for (high) caliber. In any case, quality can't be communicated and set by a basic definition, since in itself quality is an exceptionally conceptual idea. Truth be told, it is a lot simpler to see the nonappearance of value than its essence. Regardless of endeavors to arrive at a far reaching, all inclusive meaning of value in eLearning, there is as yet a major equivocalness encompassing the issue. One position is to think about quality as an assessment of greatness, a position which is principally received by colleges and training foundations. For instance, in colleges quality instructing and learning are advanced as the top need, concentrating on rules or estimations in regards to showing contribution to courses, the learning results, and the intuitiveness with the framework. Another pattern is to think about the improvement in quality, where quality is improved by moving past the set originations applied, and by and large moving toward an adaptable procedure of arrangement, which needs an exceptionally elevated level of value ability from those included. Moreover, quality can be seen and considered from various perspectives. Here, the SunTrust Equitable report outlines what they see to be the worth chain in eLearning as a pyramid. The substance is the most basic factor of eLearning. In reality, to have the option to utilize the web as an instrument to improve learning, the substance ought not occupy students, yet increment their enthusiasm for learning. Learning apparatuses and empowering influences are additionally significant in the learning technique. As a general rule, suppliers of learning stages and information the board frameworks are key in the effective conveyance of substance. These organizations give the important foundation to convey learning content. Besides, learning specialist organizations (LSP) are the circulation channels for content suppliers. One of the difficulties confronting these information centers and LSPs is to guarantee that the students are getting new substance. Organizations concentrated on instructive e-following at that point total the worth pyramid of eLearning. Taking a gander at the pyramid it tends to be obviously seen that substance is the most basic part of learning through the web. Along these lines, Henry expressed that eLearning is made out of three primary perspectives: substance, innovation and administrations, he additionally underlined that substance is the most huge factor. In spite of the fact that this proposition will concentrate on the nature of substance conveyed by eLearning as the most significant rules and the most powerful in the general degree of learning quality, the predefined setting and the points of view of clients additionally should be considered when characterizing quality in eLearning. It is likewise basic to group appropriate standards to address this quality. ELearning Technology, Users and Content Albeit most eLearning clarifications center around the innovation and not on the learning, it is essential to remember the individuals eLearning is intended for. Additionally, singular learning styles and required learning materials ought to be tended to first. At that point a reasonable electronic conveyance strategy can be embraced. On their site (agelesslearner.com), Karl and Marcia Conner remarked, in such manner, that Maybe the e ought to really follow the word learning'. Henry depicts the substance in a manner that incorporates all conveyed materials, including the materials which are typically offered in study hall based learning and that are custom fitted for eLearning, notwithstanding some other information the engineer may offer. Truth be told, eLearning frameworks are considered to

What Was the Role of the First World War on Mussolini’s Transition

What was the job of the First World War in Mussolini’s progress from Socialism to Fascism? Mussolini’s disputable progress from his Socialist roots to pioneer of the Fascist Party has been puzzling to many, especially the individuals who see it as an unexpected and irregular change. Be that as it may, numerous history specialists, for example, O’Brien, have proposed this progress was not all that irregular; Mussolini’s political move from the Left to the Right was the aftereffect of World War One. Italy’s passage into the war in 1915 separated the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), which prompted Mussolini’s removal and his fast political evolution.On the other hand, Gregor contends that Mussolini’s hidden progressive nature was the principle explanation behind his change, as it guided his convictions to embrace different philosophies that accommodated with his longing for transformation. On the other hand, Payne contends that Nationalism finished the foundation of Fascism. This exposition will investigate these three contentions so as to comprehend whether Mussolini’s progress from Socialism to Fascism was the consequence of the war, his progressive nature, or the impact of Nationalism. O’Brien has contended that the advancements in the First World War guided Mussolini’s political change from Socialism to Fascism.Italy’s intercession into the war, to Mussolini’s individual involvement with the channels and the heartbreaking Battle of Caporetto all added to Mussolini’s political development. Italy’s mediation into World War One out of 1915 connoted a vital point in Mussolini’s political vocation. As a Socialist, Mussolini was relied upon to advance the nonpartisanship of Italy in the war, which he at first did. In the Socialist paper, Avanti, Mussolini pronounced that Italy ought to stay unbiased, as Italy had not begun the war, and it would forfeit many average workers lives.However, Mussolini’s see on intercession before long changed (in any event publically), as he started to communicate master interventionist compositions in Avanti. In October 1914, Mussolini contended that the PSI had constantly bolstered the partners, accordingly intercession would not be modifying their convictions and that war could be viewed as an open door for upset. Moreover, he contended that lack of bias was hazardous and it would have results, especially for Italian expansionism if the Allies or Central Powers an attached area Italy wanted, for example, the Balkans. Notwithstanding, the Socialists didn't concur and 20 October 1914, Mussolini was removed from the PSI.Thus, the issue of mediation showed how Mussolini’s convictions advanced from the beginning of World War One. Then again, Mussolini’s evident difference in heart from neutralist to interventionist was not so much a change. In addition to the fact that interventionism was predi ctable with his progressive Socialism, he had just distributed and concurred with the syndicalist, Panunzio’s, genius intercession articles in his own paper, Utopia in November 1913. In any case, despite the fact that the intercession issue might not have changed Mussolini’s sees essentially, he was ousted from the PSI thus, which considerably affected his convictions afterwards.Thus, mediation could be viewed as the draftsman of his political advancement. Likewise, Mussolini’s individual involvement with the channels added to the improvement of his political convictions. Mussolini joined the war in August 1915, which stirred his enthusiasm. He likewise turned out to be less enemy of military. Nonetheless, Mussolini’s enthusiasm has been distinguished from as right on time as 1909. During his time in Trentino, Mussolini became related with Battisti; his solid energy for Italy enlivened Mussolini.Furthermore, as a communist, Mussolini had constantly focuse d on that Socialism was against Nationalism, not the country. In any case, his feeling of national solidarity and resistance of the military were communicated during his time in the channels and spoke to an essential change in his political idea. It additionally exhibited his propensity to adjust his perspectives because of evolving conditions. The Battle of Caporetto in October 1917 hugy affected the advancement of Mussolini’s political demeanor; just because he related to the Nationalist movement.Indeed, De Felice accepts that this fiasco was generally liable for Mussolini’s change to Fascism. The Battle was an unexpected German and Austrian hostile on the Italian Army, which brought about the breakdown of the Italian Front and numerous passings. This was exacerbated by the Italian General Cadorna; he accused the warriors and demolished their spirit. Mussolini safeguarded the officers and needed equity. The Nationalist development had a comparative mentality. The Bat tle of Caporetto improved Mussolini’s mentality towards the military and carried him closer to the Nationalist development and conservative politics.Thus, the advancements in World War One made enormous political distress at home, which modified Mussolini’s political reasoning and perspectives towards communism, the military and the country. These progressions were huge in Mussolini’s change to Fascism, accordingly the war played a focal job in Mussolini’s political development. On the other hand, Gregor has contended that Mussolini’s progress to Fascism was the aftereffect of his progressive nature, as he just embraced convictions that were consistent with his longing for revolution.This has been upheld by the possibility that Mussolini never really had a place with any ideological group. In reality, Mussolini’s political convictions from his Socialist days seem, by all accounts, to be a finish of acquired belief systems from Marxism, Socia lism and progressive Syndicalism. In spite of the fact that by fifteen years old Mussolini considered himself a communist, he dismissed moderate communist thoughts of change in light of the fact that it was complying with common society and was latent. Along these lines, he was more impacted by Marxism.He loathed the bourgeoisie and conventional establishments, for example, the Catholic Church and the military, as they obviously quelled the working class. Thus, he accepted that class encounter and transformation by the low class would resolve this suppression. Mussolini contradicted Parliament, as he accepted they were too self-required to change Italy from a retrogressive State. He additionally disdained Nationalism as it obviously embraced the personal stakes of the bourgeoisie, church, military and monarchy.Thus, Mussolini’s political mentality was a mix of the extreme parts of Marxism, Socialism and progressive Syndicalism, while dismissing moderate viewpoints, for exampl e, change. This backings that Mussolini was just a progressive, not focused on any one Party or belief system and this is the explanation he had the option to embrace Fascism. Then again, it might have been Mussolini’s impacts (especially in his childhood) that prompted this blend of convictions, instead of his absence of dedication to any one ideology.Mack Smith accepts that Mussolini’s father had the best effect on his political demeanor. His dad was an extreme communist, regularly in jail, and Mussolini invested a great deal of energy with him and his communist partners. Be that as it may, as a youngster, Mussolini turned out to be more impacted by Marx than Socialism. Besides, during his time in Switzerland in 1902, Mussolini got comfortable with progressive syndicalists, for example, Michels and LeBon(who expounded on swarm brain research; swarms evidently required legends to rouse them ) and Panunzio (who was against reforms).Thus, Mussolini was encircled by gove rnmental issues since early on, which may clarify why he was propelled by such huge numbers of various belief systems. In any case, all things considered, these impacts fortified his characteristic progressive impulses. Without a doubt, a portion of these thoughts that affected Mussolini were later found in the Fascist system, for example, fantasies around the Duce. This thusly repeats Gregor’s contention that Mussolini’s progressive nature drove him to embrace sees that supplemented his craving for insurgency and was along these lines open to any Party that would give this, including Fascism.On the opposite, Payne has contended that Mussolini’s Fascism was the aftereffect of the Nationalist development. While Mussolini’s thoughts developed from Socialism, through progressive Syndicalism, Nationalism finished the change. For sure, when Mussolini was ousted from the PSI, he expected to help another person; thus went to the progressive Syndicalists who were likewise expert mediation. This showed Mussolini’s inclination to change as indicated by political circumstances, and the significance of the belief systems he turned to.Indeed, the progressive Syndicalists were noteworthy, as they had matches with the Nationalist Party (ANI). These included savagery that would prompt a transformation of the classes, government and class pecking order. The two of them accepted that intercession into the war would make unrest, along these lines showing solidarity of the Left and Right. Moreover, syndicalists, for example, Michels, focused on the significance of joining the classes to ensure the Italian country. This features the component of national cognizance in Syndicalism.These covers exhibit the impact of the National development on Mussolini’s advancement. By embracing progressive Syndicalism, Mussolini was basically receiving components of Nationalism, which accordingly impacted his excursion to Fascism. Then again, the fiasco a t Caporetto majorly affected Italy’s political circumstance and made more help for the Nationalists. It was the response of the Nationalists after Caporetto that affected Mussolini. Caporetto implied serious frustration with the present government and made national solidarity among the Italians.Cadorna’s accusing of the fighters made displeasure and Corradini (a lead figure in Nationalism) bel

How Much Equity to Give to New Co-Founders and Employees

How Much Equity to Give to New Co-Founders and Employees The journey to founding and running a startup from an idea is indeed very exciting for entrepreneurs even though the process carries its own share of risks and tough decisions to make. One of the most difficult decisions you will have to make as a founder is how to distribute equity among your co-founder(s) and earliest employees. Equity negotiations can be a cause of disagreements and stress and yet, are absolutely necessary. © Shutterstock.com | LightspringWith respect to the division of equity, there is really no one-size-fits-all solution that may be cited. However, this article makes the task easier by introducing you to: 1) what compensation methods are available for new co-founders first employees, 2) some factors to help determine how much equity founders get, 3) fixing employee equity, and 4) suggestions (formulas) for distributing equity shares.WHAT COMPENSATION METHODS ARE AVAILABLE FOR NEW CO-FOUNDERS FIRST EMPLOYEESEquity shareEquity share is a term that refers to non-cash compensation in terms of company ownership. Considering the fact that executing an equity compensation program is a complicated affair, companies have to plan and utilize appropriate accounting, legal and tax advice and planning. Typically, founders get equity share in the startup’s initial period and either forego their salary or settle for a low one. Equity compensation helps to attract and keep employees in a startup environment because these companies generally are short of the initial funds to get superior employees.Stock optionsStock options are a kind of stock-based compensation (involving an agreement whereby an employee, typically a high-placed executive gets company stock instead of or in addition to cash as salary). The intention behind offering stock compensation is to provide the employee with a considerable portion of the company’s stake, expecting this to motivate him to work harder or operate in the best interest of shareholders. If the company’s share price increases, stock compensation can be quite lucrative for the employee.Stock options are of two types namely non-qualified stock options (NQOs) and incentive stock options (ISOs). NQOs do not give the recipient any special tax treatment and may be granted to consultants, directors and employees. ISOs are a production of the tax code. As long as a set of statutory requirements are met, the holder or recipient will get favorab le tax treatment. However, owing to this pleasing treatment, there is a limit on the availability of this stock option. Typically, no tax effect applies to the optionee when he is being vested or granted either stock option.Apart from stock options, a startup may consider other kinds of stock-based compensation such as restricted stock, California style or early exercise option, or profits interests. Whichever the kind of stock compensation opted for, it carries its own distinct set of advantages and disadvantages.Fixed salaryFixed salary is common for employees whereas equity sharing is more the norm for co-founders.Considering the future expectations of your company, managing a trade-off between the three compensation methods discussed above might just be superior to any other combination.SOME FACTORS TO HELP DETERMINE HOW MUCH EQUITY FOUNDERS GETThough the way equity is split varies with individual situation, here are some factors that are typically taken into consideration:Who c ame up with the idea?The person who came up with the original idea for the business gets a premium. His premium further increases if he is also the one who started the early development efforts and gathered together the original team. Depending on the contributions in this area, share holdings are boosted by 5 to 30 percent. An only founder gets 100 percent equity at the idea stage.Stage of the startupAs the startup grows (from idea stage through co-founder, family and friends, seed round, Series A, and IPO stages) and it gets more and more funding, the more companys equity has to be given up in return for new financing. At the same time, you as a founder or one of the founders are getting a share of a pie that keeps growing bigger with your business’ growth.Salary or no salaryIt is not unusual for start-up founders to forego a salary or settle for a reduced salary in the initial days of a start-up. When founders forego a salary in the initial period, they typically get considerab le ownership in exchange. Some may say that foregone salary should not be made up for in terms of equity, firstly, because it is practically impossible to settle on the correct amount of equity for the sacrificed salary. Secondly, the practice can trigger certain issues with respect to tax, accounting, and withholding.RoleUsually, people with a prominent role/position in the company get a premium stake over those with a non-key role. Thus, a CTO or CEO gets a much bigger stake than for example, a graphic designer or office manager. With respect to equity sharing among co-founders, one can think in terms of the co-founder’s anticipated role in the organization on the basis of his degree of skill, capability, and the firm’s requirements. However, considering that your firm’s needs and possibly even the roles of the founders, could change considerably over time it would be wise not to base the equity distribution too much on just one skill or contribution.Nature of contributionTh e contribution of a founder could for example, include one or more of these: the idea, patents, capital, business expertise, or ongoing work. Comprehend the nature of contribution and its value and give the fair due based on contribution. For a co-founder who makes considerable capital contribution, you may consider giving them additional founder shares in return. Alternatively, you can consider distributing founder equity on the basis of the individual level of work contribution (sweat equity) from each individual. In that case, you would give a founder’s financial contributions the same treatment as you would give those of a seed investor â€" by issuing series seed preferred stock or convertible debt.Money or funding (External investors)A commonly accepted formula for distributing equity within the hierarchical organization is this:In the case of a single phase of investmentsFounders: 50 to 70 percent Investors: 20 to 30 percent Option pool: 10 to 20 percentIn the case of multip le phases of investmentsFounders: 20 to 30 percent Investors: 50 to 70 percent Option pool: 10 to 20 percentWith respect to dividing equity among individual investors, a simple formula is this,  if you have to raise $3 million but the investors feel the company’s value amounts to $10 million, you should hand over 30 percent of the company to them for their money.SacrificesWhen founders contribute to the startup venture, they may be coming from any of various situations â€" while some may have been close to a considerable raise, some others may have been dealing with unemployment. The earnings that a founder was used to prior to deciding to co-found could impact the extent of equity he asks for. To retain a founder’s interest, it may be necessary to suggest a more attractive offer.  Part-time or full-time A part-time founder gets less equity than the one who devotes his entire time (possibly after quitting an existing job) to the venture. The reason is obvious â€" he has less wei ght of risk on his shoulders and is also giving in less time and value commitment to the company. Generally, a part-timer gets under half the equity that his full-time counterpart gets.Kevin Systrom: The Equity Question FIXING EMPLOYEE EQUITYThe objective of employee equity is to make the first employees sensitive to feel an emotional ownership with your/your company’s great idea, its gripping product and the organization you are asking them to help grow.Factors affecting employee equityThe percentage equity a hire gets depends on factors such as domain expertise, how early he joins (if he joins earlier, there is more risk and less stock), how critical the person is to the company and its funding, experience with associated ventures, whether or not he is replaceable, and connections. An equity premium may be considered if the employee is irreplaceable.How dilution affects employee equityThe percentage of equity an employee gets over time would gradually come down as more investors join and the company has to issue more stock (dilution). If, for example, an employee started off with 5 percent of equity, followed by which the company received two rounds of funding, the employee’s stock may be reduced to  two-thirds or even half the original percentage for each funding round.Here’s a reality check. The early staff of a pre-funded startup that ultimately raises some rounds of capital can expect to endure considerable dilution, if the outcome is positive. If the outcome is less than positive, considering preferences, the employee may have to expect nothing more than what’s necessary to keep them on the job, if that’s required at the acquiring company.Entrepreneur Advice From Founders: How Much Equity to Give Co-Founders SUGGESTIONS (FORMULAS) FOR DISTRIBUTING EQUITY SHARESHere are some suggestions for a sample model of ownership (equity) distribution.Idea StageIf you are the sole person who came up with the idea for your business at this stage, you get to keep 100 percent.Co-founder stageIdeally, a startup should have a minimum of two founding members and no more than five partners. In this model, let’s assume that there are two co-founders. Your co-founder contributes considerable value, is doing half the work and is taking a great risk by co-founding. Though you came up with the idea, considering that your co-founder is doing so much for the business, it is only fair to give her a 50 percent share of the equity pie.If there are more co-founders, you might want to consider creating a table with the names of all the founders, the eight factors mentioned above for determining equity distribution and/or any other factors you may feel necessary. You can also consider creating a table with these five key factors alone â€" idea, business plan, commitment and risk, domain expertise, and responsibilities. Attach a value (weight) to each of the factors from 1 to 10 and multiply it by the founder’s contribution to that factor to come up with an equity allocation formula.Family Friends StageWith respect to family and friends, it may be better to consider their contribution as a loan and just repay it instead of going for equity allocation.Seed RoundKey investors that figure in the seed round are angel investors. While an angel investor invests her own money in a promising venture, a venture capitalist invests money from other people. In addition, unlike venture capitalists (VCs), a lot of angel investors don’t invest purely for profit. A key motivating factor for them may be the enjoyment associated with assisting a young business to succeed.Angel investorsConsider that your angel investor has a minimum of $1 million in the bank or has an annual income of $200,000. Let’s say he assumes your business is worth $1 million and decides to invest $200,000. To decide the percentage equity you should give to the angel, calculate the post-money valuation and divide the investment by this amount.Thus: post-money valuatio n= $1,000,000 + $200,000= $1,200,000Equity percentage = $200,000/$1,200,000 = 1/6 or 16.7%Early employeesA usual range for the option pool would be 15 to 20% to begin with. You can consider paying your first employees market salaries. Series AThe first VC round makes up Series A.Let’s assume that the venture capitalist puts your company’s current value at $4 million (pre-money valuation) and decides to invest $2 million.Thus, post-money valuation= $4,000,000 + $2,000,000 = $6,000,000Equity percentage= $2,000,000/$6,000,000= 1/3 or 33 .3%Following Series A, you may continue to Series B and C. At some point, you may reach one of any three situations:Your funding is over with no investors to help and your business dies,You acquire enough funding to develop something which a bigger company desires to buy,Your progress is so good that following a number of funding rounds, you go public (Initial Public Offering or IPO).Post Series AWith respect to option pools at this stage, the media n range can be assumed at approximately 15 to 25 percent depending on the company’s headcount requirements.Initial Public OfferingInitial Public Offering or IPO refers to a company’s first sale of stock to the public. The majority of IPOs are offered by small companies in search of a new source of financing. Through this source of financing, a company can raise funds from millions of normal people. One of the key reasons why you could choose to go public is that the stocks you sell on the stock market can be bought by anybody. Owing to the fact that anyone can purchase the stocks, you would probably be able to see a good amount of stock without much delay compared to approaching individual investors and requesting them to invest. This makes it an easier option for acquiring money. However, an IPO is not without risk. One cannot tell how much demand would be there for the stock following its initial offering. The risk is because of the uncertainty with respect to the stock’s re sale value.The IPO stage is a cash-out day for employees who accepted stock in exchange for living with the risk of a possible startup failure, and working for low salaries.Whatever kind of math you apply to split founder equity, at the end of the day, all parties affected should be happy about the distribution. The ideal win-win situation is to create the right kind of incentive to make people continue to toil for your company without it being too much of a financial burden for you.In closing, a few last words of advice. Irrespective of the initial equity split, it may be wise to seriously think about vesting your founder shares over a minimum period of two years at least. By vesting, you would be enabling the shares to be metered out so that a partner who defects early or changes his mind, would not carry off half the company.Founders Dilemmas: Equity Splits

Essay about Alice Walkers The Color Purple - 1442 Words

Alice Walkers The Color Purple Alice Walkers ‘The colour purple’ was largely based in a black community in the deep south of America, in between the end of the nineteenth century and the Second World War. It has been described as a rendition of her own life, thus far, I am none the wiser. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, slavery had long been abolished in America, but old habits die hard, especially in the deep south of America-where barely any politicians would set foot-, the black community was still plagued by the white man’s retained mannerism, although the black community had won a civil rights campaign to be considered equal to the white man, to many people the civil rights act was of no consequence, the†¦show more content†¦The white community is portrayed by the author to be a brutal and fearful part of town. There are many references within the novel which relate to the Black mans fear and distrust of the white community, when Celie goes to town with Mr____, he leaves her on the wagon while he goes to the dry goods store (letter10), this is the letter in which Celie thinks she meets her daughter, near the end when she and Pauline’s mother are alone in the street, Pauline’s mother starts to panic and get upset when her husbands wagon is not in sight, this shows the reader that there is unrest still when in the street, or in a public place for a black person, it also shows that the white man still intimidates, this also shows that the white man still thought he remained superior to the black man in social standing, Alice Walker touches on this quite often within the novel, her representation is based on common knowledge, and her own experience of the prejudice against her and her people. Apart from the racial inequality due to the mindset of the white man, there does seem to be some sense of agreement between the white man in some respects, in letter 8, Pa is talking to Celie ant Netty about Celie’s education, he never looks up from cleaning his gun, until ‘Pretty soon a bunch of white mens come walking cross the yard’, when he abruptly stands up and walks off to join them, ‘They have guns too’, this is almost quiet unity betweenShow MoreRelatedColors And Independence In Alice Walkers The Color Purple1555 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker’s masterpiece, The Color Purple, uses ordinary things such as clothes, colors, jobs, and money as strong symbolism. In this book, pants symbolize independence. Pants change the way society views and treats a person. They also convey that a person is strong, confident, free, and equal to others. Alice Walker shows the reader how wearing pants can have a big effect on a person’s life, especially if that person is a woman in the early twentieth century. From the beginning of time to lessRead MoreAnalysis Of Alice Walkers The Color Purple2079 Words   |  9 Pages In Alice Walkers The Color Purple, she explores the thin grey line that stands between survival and living. Through her protagonist, Celie, she examines the dramatic shifts of empowerment; focusing on the young black girl in the 1850’s. Walker introduces the reader to the protagonist, Celie, through a series of letters. In these letters the reader finds Celie amidst her mother’s death. The author chooses to address her letters to God, giving Celie a greater willpower to survive. Celie’s upbringingRead More Alice Walkers The Color Purple Essay2478 Words   |  10 Pageslittle reefer on the side. These are all of the components of a novel by Alice Walker. All of these views are illustrated proficiently in Alice Walker’s third novel, â€Å"The Color Purple.† Each one of these aspects had a lasting impression upon the ideals and notions of the time. Walkers writings helped to break the racial barrier that existed in some peoples minds. One way that the barrier was destroyed was through Walkers depiction of an imperfect black person. If a white person wrote aboutRead MoreGender Equality In Alice Walkers The Color Purple704 Words   |  3 Pagesthe release of The Color Purple, women had already begun to eliminate gender discrimination in education, voting, sports, and in the workforce. During To Kill a Mockingbird’s time, only â€Å"30 percent of wives worked outside the home in 1960† (â€Å"Modern America†). This would eventually grow into â€Å"50 percent by 1980† (â€Å"Modern America†), which alludes to gender bias becoming less of an issue when The Color Purple came to be. By 1980, still two years before the publication of Alice Walker’s novel, â€Å"more thanRead MoreThe Importance Of Love In Alice Walkers The Color Purple1522 Words   |  7 PagesBritish poet Alfred Lord Tennyson once said, â€Å"Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at allâ⠂¬  (BrainyQuotes). This particular quote ties into Alice Walker’s The Color Purple by portraying the many feelings that the main character, Celie has about love and how love impacts your life. Celie had to learn the hard way that love was not always easy and often caused heartache. Although these lessons were not always simple they ultimately helped Celie in her future success. Even thoughRead MoreEssay on Race and Class in Alice Walkers Color Purple1622 Words   |  7 PagesEssay on Race and Class in The Color Purple  Ã‚     Ã‚   An important  Ã‚  juncture in Alice Walkers The Color Purple is reached when Celie first recovers the missing letters from her long-lost sister Nettie. This discovery not only signals the introduction of a new narrator to this epistolary novel but also begins the transformation of Celie from writer to reader. Indeed, the passage in which Celie struggles to puzzle out the markings on her first envelope from Nettie provides a concrete illustration Read MoreLanguage and Male Supremacy in Alice Walkers The Color Purple694 Words   |  3 Pagesfeelings; it only creates problems and hurts women. Historically, Southern men in the middle 1900’s, like the ones in The Color Purple, traditionally treated their wives as if they were worthless or unimportant. In her novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker shows husbands abuse their power over their wives to escape their problems through Harpo, Mr. _____ and Grady. First, Alice Walker shows husbands abuse their power to escape their problems through Harpo. Harpo abuses his power of being the manRead MoreLife Struggles and Themes in Alice Walkers The Color Purple 2040 Words   |  9 PagesBorn in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1944 Alice Walker was last of her eight siblings. As far as becoming author, Alice walker herself was faced with many struggles throughout her life. After a childhood accident blinded her in one eye, she went on to become valedictorian of her local school, and attend Spelman College and Sarah Lawrence College on scholarships, graduating in 1965(Janet Witalec). Her biggest turning point/ motivation was an author named Zora Neale Hurston, who made a great influence onRead More Celies Pain in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesCelies Pain in The Color Purple Molestation is a topic that is painful to think about, and even more difficult to write about. Yet Alice Walker chose this as the central theme of her novel The Color Purple. Walkers work centers around a poor African American girl Celie. Celie keeps a diary, and the first section of the novel is an excerpt from her diary. After reading the excerpt, the reader comes to realize that Celie is a fourteen-year-old girl who has been molested by her father. ThroughRead MoreEssay on Struggle and Growth in Alice Walkers Color Purple836 Words   |  4 PagesStruggle and Growth in Alice Walkers The Color Purple The Color Purple depicts the struggle and growth of Celie, an uneducated slave of the South who became a victim of racism, sexual roles, men, and social injustices, in numerous letters that she writes as a diary. Walker uses Celies uneducated grammar to help the reader perceive the pain that she thinks and feels in order to become a mature, twentieth-century woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Celie writes to God for guidance and strength asking

Wild Blueberries Demand and Supply - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 618 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category Marketing Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Supply and demand are the forces driving any market around the globe. Wild blueberries seem to be a crop of great importance in the US. The case of 2011 where prices charged by farmers went down by 28% is a good indicator of the forces of demand and supply. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wild Blueberries Demand and Supply" essay for you Create order It is common knowledge that farmers would love to make the best out of their produce. This implies that in most cases they would consider appreciation in prices as opposed to a drop. In this case, it is open that the supply of wild blueberries went high due to a large number of farmers getting in the activity. An increase in the quantity of blueberries resulted in market flooding where customers had options regarding suppliers. Initially, Maine was the primary producer of wild blueberries within the US market and neighborhoods (Atur Kennedy, 2004). In 2011, both Canada and Maine enjoyed the massive production of Wild blueberries an element credited for the excess supply. While supply has increased, it is important to note the market or companies buying Wild Blueberries have not increased in number thus creating a situation of surplus. The situation experienced in 2011 defines the relationship between demand and supply thus obeying the low of demand and supply. The law of supply asserts that higher the price the higher the quantity supplies since supplies are geared towards making high profits from the high prices. However, it is important to note that high prices will attract new entrants into the market who will be interested in making profits. In this case, the previous positive prices attracted Canada, leading an upward trend in the supply. However, this is temporary as indicated by the reduction in prices due to increased supply while demand remains unchanged. At this point, the customer will be forced to offer low prices. As indicated by the supply curve, the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. However, it is necessary to note that new entrants and expansion by existing supplies (Maine and Canada) will lead to excess supply thus leading a fall in prices. Market forces of demand and supply have a way of creating a control (Adil, 2006). The excess supply will lead to low prices forcing suppliers to reduce just like in this case where farmers have reduced production due to poor prices. Just like the supply case, this will be temporary to obey the law of demand. The law of demand explains that all factors remain constant/equal; the higher the price of items the fewer customers will demand the same, low prices, on the other hand, will attract high demand. A drop demand for blueberries will see some suppliers withdraw from the market thus creating, shortage in supply which will in turn raise price of blueberries hence in supply. Demand and Supply Demand and supply shape the market, as stated before supply and demand reaches a point of equilibrium. This point when both supply and demand are at the same point s displayed by the graph below. In the case, the supply of wild blueberries and demand will be at equilibrium at a price of $2.50 per pound and 325 million pounds of blueberries. At this point, both suppliers and customers will not make huge profits, while at the same time no loses will be made. A continuation of the forces of demand and supply of blueberries is bound to create a situation of shifts and movements. In summary, market condition is temporary; the blueberry market will face movements and shifts. References Adil, J. R. (2006).?  Supply and demand. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press. Atur, V., Kennedy, D. (2004).?  Review of electricity supply and demand in Southeast Europe. Washington, DC: World Bank. Demanded Quantity  Ã‚     1  Ã‚     2  Ã‚     3  Ã‚     4  Ã‚     400  Ã‚     350  Ã‚     300  Ã‚     250  Ã‚     Quantity Supplied  Ã‚     1  Ã‚     2  Ã‚     3  Ã‚     4  Ã‚     250  Ã‚     300  Ã‚     350  Ã‚     400  Ã‚     Supply Supply  Ã‚     400  Ã‚     350  Ã‚     300  Ã‚     250  Ã‚     4  Ã‚     3  Ã‚     2  Ã‚     1  Ã‚     Demand  Ã‚     400  Ã‚     350  Ã‚     300  Ã‚     250  Ã‚     1  Ã‚     2  Ã‚     3  Ã‚     4

Critically Evaluate the Three Theories of Personality Free Essays

Critically evaluate the three theories of personality using examples from PE and Sport. The three theories of personality are; Trait Theory, Social Learning Theory and Interactionist Theory. All three have a different perspective of how each individual’s personality is formed. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Evaluate the Three Theories of Personality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trait theory suggests that personality is made up of certain stable and enduring characteristics which stay with a person from birth and do not change. They are inherited and passed down through genes from the individuals parents. Therefore the equation for this theory is, Behaviour = function of Personality or B = F (P). One strength of trait theory is that it can be easily measured through questionnaires, quizzes, interviews etc. The most well known questionnaire for trait theory is one designed by Eysenk. The questionnaire allowed Eysenk to calculate a number for the individual which he would then plot onto a graph and be able to label them into two dimensions; extrovert/introvert and neurotic/stable. However, this theory does not take into account the influence of the environment on personality. This theory can be put into context when looking at extroverts and introverts in sports. Extroverts tend to play in team sports, where they can be sociable, lively and are able to take some leadership. However, introverts generally prefer to take part in individual sports as they are more unsociable, shy and nervous. Social Learning Theory implies that personality is simply formed through life experiences and environmental influences. Therefore the equation for this is Behaviour = Function of personality (environment) or B=F(E). The fact that this theory, unlike Trait theory, takes into consideration the effect of the environment gives it an entirely different perspective. Despite this, the theory doesn’t give any thought to inherent traits and therefore is relatively simplistic as personality seems to all be down to the environment and a person’s experiences. To put this theory into context, an example may be that a person who surfs might surf purely because they grew up by the coast. This shows the environment has had an effect on their choice of sport to take part in. The Interactionist Theory is the final theory of the three. It suggests that personality is formed through a combination of traits from birth e. g. funny and then these traits are developed and enhanced through life experiences. The equation therefore being B = F (PE). This theory is somewhat just a mix of both Trait theory and Social Learning theory to produce a new theory which contains aspects of both of these. It is this that makes it the most widely accepted theory used to explain behaviour in sport. Interactionist theory can be seen in sport when someone acts out of character to what they usually would. For example David Beckham, who is known for his gentle and shy nature, lashed out in a game against Argentina and received a red card for his actions. David Beckham does not typically react like this, and so we can see that his traits were heavily influenced upon by the environment which in this case was an opposing player. To conclude, all three theories are based on different perceptions and all come with their own strengths and weaknesses. The fact that they are theories reminds us that there isn’t one that is deemed to be correct, and that it is down to opinion to which one you choose to believe. How to cite Critically Evaluate the Three Theories of Personality, Papers

Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare Essays (939 words)

Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare Time and Fate in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, said to be one of the most famous love stories of all times, is a play anchored on time and fate. Some actions are believed to occur by chance or by destiny. The timing of each action influences the outcome of the play. While some events are of less significance, some are crucial to the development of this tragedy. The substantial events that inspire the conclusion of Romeo and Juliet are; the Capulet ball, the quarrel experienced by Tybalt and Romeo, and Friar John's plague. A servant to Capulet, who is incapable of reading the list of guests, asks for Romeo's assistance. Romeo notices that Rosaline, his lover, is among these names. Benvolio challenges Romeo to compare her with other beauties. Benvolio predicts, Compare her face with some that I shall show,/ And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. (I, ii, l 86-87) To show his appreciation, the servant asks for Romeo's presence at the ball. Romeo should have considered the servant's warning; if Romeo occupies the name of Montague, he shall not be permitted. Once at the ball, Romeo is searching for a maiden to substitute the unrequited love of Rosaline. Romeo happens to gaze upon Juliet, who charms Romeo. Romeo proclaims, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/ For ne'er saw true beauty till this night. (I, v, l 52-53) Since Romeo declares his love for Juliet, she feels the attraction also. They believe that they are in love and must marry. However, it is a genuine coincidence that Romeo and Juliet were at the same place, at the same time. Some days after the ball, Benvolio and Mercutio are conversing, in regard to the quarrelsome weather. Benvolio declares, The day is hot, the Capulets abroad,/ And if we meet we shall not ?scape a brawl,/ For now these got days is the mad blood stirring. (III, i, l 2-4) At this point, Tybalt, who has challenged Romeo because of his appearance at the masquerade, enters, seeking Romeo. On Romeo's behalf, Mercutio struggles with Tybalt, while Romeo, who is filled with love for his new cousin, tries to end their boldness. Before escaping, Tybalt plunges his sword into Mercutio, causing death to fall upon him. Mercutio blames Romeo and the feud for his fate. Romeo kills Tybalt, who taunts Romeo, upon his return. Romeo fears he will be condemned to death if he does not flee before the arrival of the Prince. Benvolio recalls the events that have happened, with some embellishment. The Prince declares: And for that offence/ Immediately we do exile him hence./ I hav an in your hate's proceeding,/ My blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;/ But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine/ That you shall repent the loss of mine./ I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;/ Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses;/ Therefore use none. Let Romeo hence in haste,/ Else, when he's found, that hour is his last./ Bear hence this body and attend our will./ Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. (III, i, l 185-195) Due to the disturbance of Verona's street and the losses of Tybalt and Mercutio, the Prince must penalize Romeo. However, the Prince agrees that Romeo was acting in self defense. Juliet, who desires not to wed Paris, asks for Friar Laurence's assistance. The day before the wedding, Juliet is to drink the poison, which will make her appear to be dead. In forty two hours she shall awake, with Romeo by her side. Romeo will then bring her to Mantua with him. In the meantime Friar Laurence will convey a message to Romeo in Mantua, telling him the plot. When she gains consciousness, Romeo and Friar Laurence will be there. Friar Laurence says, Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,/ And hither shall he come; and he and I/ Will watch thy waking (IV, i, l 114-116) Following Juliet's intake of the poison, Romeo is anticipating news from Verona. Balthasar, a servant to Romeo, tells Romeo that Juliet has passed on. Romeo, who is told there are no

Existentialism and Phenomenology Essay

Existentialism and Phenomenology Essay Free Online Research Papers To describe the historical development of Continental philosophy’s existentialism and phenomenology as a response to Hegelian idealism one must first define Hegelian idealism. Hegel thought that â€Å"†¦what is most real- the Absolute- is thought thinking of itself.†(Moore-Bruder, 2005 P. 143) He also thought that it was not an independent group of ideas, but that all the ideas were interconnected. He would propose a thesis, then an antithesis, and together they would form the synthesis. Meaning the thesis and antithesis were the foundation for the synthesis, which would become a new thesis and antithesis forming a new synthesis until the synthesis reached the apex. Hegel thought the highest triad was the â€Å"synthesis of ‘Idea’ and ‘Nature’ in ‘Spirit’.†(Moore-Bruder, 2005 P. 145) Idea meaning self-conscious thought, Nature meaning the external expression of Idea, and Spirit meaning thought to recognize itself as both thought and an object. Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, the first major existential philosopher, disagreed with Hegel. He thought that individuals and their will and needs impacted their decision-making process. He thought despair was the result of an individual having to make ethical and religious choices alone, and that the only relief one could be granted was that from a belief and trust in a higher power or God even if it went against the universal norms. Friedrich Nietzsche also disagreed with Hegel’s idealism and all similar rationales. He thought man, as a whole, was irrational and would do what they were told, without question, like a herd of animals. He thought the rare Superman was able to overcome the slave mentality and have thoughts of his own. The Superman was able to create his own values rather than looking toward God as their source of values. The existential movement was not only embraced by philosophers but by artists and writers as well. Albert Camus believed that many people lived their entire life in a sort of haze. Our two basic needs, the need for clarity and the need for social warmth and contact, usually go unmet because we go about our lives fulfilling what we perceive as important needs instead of what actually are. Jean-Paul Sartre believed that there was no God, and that thought had four basic philosophical implications. He believed that you are what you make of yourself, that there is no reason for existing, that our choices are made of our own free will and that we all establish our own values. He believed that by making choices about one’s life and future we give meaning to our lives and that how we act is a true vision into what kind of person you are. Edmund Husserl’s work is the starting point for what is now known as phenomenology. Phenomenology states that one should look at the objects that are actually present and not concern oneself with the second world that metaphysics presents such as Plato’s forms. Martin Heidegger thought that humans had forgotten about Being, the ultimate source, because of human-made logic. He believed that â€Å"†¦it is both arrogant and destructive to assume that humans are the masters of nature or to follow Protagoras’s dictum that man is the measure of all things.†(Moore-Bruder, 2005 P. 175) He thought that speech was a useless flood of words without any true meaning. Emmanuel Levinas believed that humans could not study Being and try to explain beings, he thought beings had to study themselves first in order to explain Being. He thought that one’s primary responsibility is for the Other and it is more important than their responsibility to themselves and to the world. He thought that true freedom is only attained by obedience to God and His commandments. The historical development of Continental philosophy’s existentialism and phenomenology as a response to Hegelian idealism has basically been one of disagreement. Philosophers seem to disagree with most of Hegel’s ideas. There is also some disagreement among the existentialists and phenomenologists both within their own categories and between the two. Most of Continental philosophy’s ideas are based on ideas that were previously stated. References Moore-Bruder: Philosophy: The Power of Ideas (6th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005 Research Papers on Existentialism and Phenomenology EssayLogic and Perception EssaySociology EssaySociology is a ScienceDeontological Teleological TheoriesEssay on â€Å"I have a Dream† Dr KingJoel Kovel’s The Enemy of NatureIntentism The Resurrection of the AuthorHomer The Great Greek PoetGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianThe Gnostic Jesus

Fitting Quotations

Fitting Quotations Fitting Quotations Fitting Quotations By Maeve Maddox Incorporating direct quotations effectively is an important writing skill. Here is an example of an ill-fitting quotation in an article about media doctor Mehmet Oz who was recently the subject of a Senate hearing. It’s from an article by Terrence McCoy in The Washington Post (print and digital): â€Å"I recognize that oftentimes they don’t have the scientific muster to present as fact,† Oz said at a U.S. Senate hearing, adding that he â€Å"personally believes in the items I talk about in my show.† One obvious problem with this example is the use of pronouns that don’t go together. Not so obvious is the fact that the quotation differs from what Oz actually said. Quotation marks represent a covenant between writer and reader, a promise that the words enclosed by them are exactly what the person being quoted said. Here’s the original response to Senator McCaskill’s question: I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about in the show. In quoting Oz’s original statement, the writer has fallen into a crack between direct and indirect quotation. The word he is outside the quoted material, but the writer (or editor) has added an -s to believe to make it agree with he. Without noticing that the pronoun I does not fit with the preceding he, the writer adds a my that was not in the original quotation. The writer could have reported the words as an indirect quotation, putting only part of it in quotation marks: he â€Å"personally believes† in the products he talks about in his show. Or, he could have introduced the quotation with a colon: â€Å"I recognize that oftentimes they don’t have the scientific muster to present as fact,† Oz said at a U.S. Senate hearing, adding: â€Å"I actually do personally believe in the items I talk about in the show.† A quotation should not be dropped into an essay or a news article without adequate introduction. It should agree grammatically with surrounding text, reproduce the exact words that were said, and it should not stand alone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesStory Writing 101Grammatical Case in English

Does the Problem of Evil Provide a Defeater for the Existence of God Essay

Does the Problem of Evil Provide a Defeater for the Existence of God - Essay Example One of the major functions of religious belief has been to give human beings a structure and a set of codes to help them minimize their exposure to this evil, by concentrating on God and keeping themselves pure and well away from temptations and sins. This paper traces some of the main arguments that have been used throughout history to explain the problem of evil and concludes that it can never be fully explained due to the difference between human and divine ability to understand things. In the simplest terms there is a basic contradiction in the fact that both God and evil exist. We can accept that it is not possible to know where God came from, since he is eternal, having existed always, existing now, and going on to exist for ever into the future. But what about evil? It seems unlikely that a God who is absolutely good would actually create evil. Similarly, if he came across evil arising out of what he created, then it seems logical that a God who is good would eliminate evil from the world, or would prevent it from occurring in the first place. How can a good God stand by and watch terrible injustices, suffering of innocents, or indeed be the cause of these evils? This is a big moral and logical problem which has been tacked from several different angles. From an atheist perspective the answer is quite straightforward: the absence of intervention to stop evil from happening proves that there is no such thing as an absolutely powerful and absolutely good God, as defined in the Judaeo Christian tradition. One solution to the apparent contradiction between the existence of evil and the existence of God, is to argue that God and evil are two separate and different things, and that evil is in some mysterious way the â€Å"opposite† of God. This line of reasoning preserves the absolute goodness of God, and means he is not contaminated by the bad things that happen in the world. From this position it can be argued that that evil is a necessary thing because without it, we would not be able to understand the goodness of God. An analogy from the physical world would be the relationship between light and darkness. It is possible to conceive of absolute light, and absolute darkness, but in these two extreme situations we would be blind, and not able to appreciate anything in the middle of them properly. This is quite a promising line of argument, because it places the problem in the limited, physical nature of man, rather than the realm of logic or ideas. The physical world, unlike the world of pure ideas, is not an absolute situation, and it exists between the extremes of good and evil, in such a way that they set up a contrast, allowing us to operate in the grey area in the middle, an by implication make choices to orient ourselves towards the one or the other extreme. In the history of Christianity this kind of thinking was put forward as a suggestion but quickly condemned, and it is since known as the â€Å"Manichean heresy.† The problem with this line of argument is that it waters down the essential nature of the divine being, in order to explain away the problem of evil. This solution also implies either that evil was co-existent with God from the beginning, so that good and evil define the nature of G od, or that God in some way relinquished some of his omnipotence when he created the earth, and allowed evil to take on existence

Talent management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Talent management - Essay Example For this purpose, HR managers can transform into internal consultants that can align HR strategies to business priorities, develop centers of excellence and make them benchmarks for further performance, and develop HR skills that can assist managers to assess and generate solutions for problems emerging during business processes (Vosburgh, 2007). As an HR director of Media Xavier Ltd which is a leading name in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry globally, first task undertaken by me would be development of an integrated HR function. This HR function would cover main areas of talent management i.e. recruitment, performance, development and retention. Furthermore, management of workforce will be focused on development of creation of Strategic differentiating Capabilities (DiSc) that can result in attaining a competitive advantage. For this purpose, the talent acquired should be: Strategically important (Becker & Huselid, 2006) , rare, inimitable, non-substitutable, appropriable and immobile (Scott-Jackson, 2009) Furthermore, this development of an integrated HR function would be focused on partnering with the management on strategic basis, examine the current needs of organization by forming a liaison with departmental heads and design policies and procedures that can assist these departments in developing and retaining their key players along with recruiting fresh talent. Given below are the key areas of an integrated talent management function: 1) Recruitment 2) Performance 3) Learning 4) Career development 5) Succession planning 6) Compensation 7) Measure and Report (Pageup People Inc., 2008) Recruitment Media Xavier has a total headcount of 3000 permanent employees in 16 countries worldwide with 80 percent workforce employees in Asian zone call centers. Since the main work stations are away from Head Office’s reach therefore expats from local region i.e. New York would be used to train the work force according to company standards. In order to have a competitive advantage over local companies, we will focus on hiring a talent that can adhere to organization’s vision which is â€Å"Facilitating customers with optimum service and partnering with communities†. Local managers will be hired that can act as a middle man between management and the workforce. These local managers will also help Head Office staff to have necessary cultural competence so that workforce diversity can be utilized in an effective manner. Recruitment will be carried out at three different levels: 1) Call Center Agents 2) Managers-Local 3) Call Centre Heads- Expats (who will travelling between head office and Asian work stations) Recruitment can be carried out through conventional channels of online job boards, newspapers advertisement, walk-ins etc. however Media Xavier will switch to recruitment from traditional methods to on-campus drives and employee referrals. The reasons for doing so would be to have better employer branding and acce ss to recommended quality talent. Furthermore, having strategic alliances with universities and colleges can help in recruiting fresh talent that is young, energetic and easily trainable according to organization’s policies. Employee referrals shall also be rewarded so that existing

The Effective Advertising And Misleading Consumer Economics Essay

The Effective Advertising And Misleading Consumer Economics Essay Effective Advertising and Misleading Consumer Over the past few decades advertising has been an important marketing strategy. Advertising is always subjected to change because peoples taste, demographic, cultural and socio economic factors change always. Consumers changing response to advertising is essential to develop more effective and efficient marketing strategies. Chanjin (2000) developed a varying-parameter advertising model specifying advertising parameters as a function of advertising strategies and the market environments to explain the varying nature of the advertising responses. The model is applied to New York City fluid milk market and he concludes his findings that advertising strategies and market environment play important role in determining advertising effectiveness and he further concludes that demographic factors are more important than economic factors(Chanjin, 2000). Companies change their advertising strategies time to time to attract customers as well as keep the existing customers with their products. B ut in some developed countries they have their own self regulatory system in order to stave off the government intervention. Harker(2003) states in his published article that despite claims of social and economic benefits, advertising has always had its critics. However, when dealing with unacceptable advertising, advertisers in developed countries usually choose a self-regulatory approach in order to stave off government intervention. The recent breakdown of one of the worlds longest established advertising self-regulatory programmes in Australia has reopened the 20 years old debate concern with enhancing understanding of such regulatory system(Harker, 2003).Though he states like that , even in some developed countries the advertising misleading consumers significantly sometimes very badly. To face to the race of businesses, companies use varies marketing strategies to attract and retain consumers with their products. Advertising is one of the most efficient marketing tools that most widely used in the world. The issue is it has become a main tool or a media where consumers are misled for products or services. Expressing the finding of the result of his research paper, Howard (2005) says over half of the sample viewed most or all mail and telephone advertising as misleading, and that 38 percent of the respondents regarded most or all television advertising as misleading. Also, findings for the Age groups indicate that two out of three respondents regarded most or all advertising directed at children as seriously misleading (Howard, 2005). Advertising has become a powerful emotional promotion method and now there is a trend of sending advertisements via mobile phones even without prior permission. But Melody(2004) points out those consumers generally have negative attitu des toward mobile advertising unless they have specifically consented to it(Melody, 2004). Generally in most countries attitudes toward the quality and information containing in advertisements are not in a good scale. Richard (1993) explains in his paper that a comprehensive model of attitudes toward advertising includes three personal utility factors (product information, social image information, and hedonic amusement) and four socioeconomic factors (good for economy, fostering materialism, corrupting values and falsity/no-sense). He tested these seven factor model on two independent samples and found most respondents exhibited conflict between an appreciation of the personal uses and economic value of advertising and an apprehension of cultural degradation(Richard, 1993). False information in advertisements significantly decreases the credibility of the product. That is why some standard organizations validate their advertisements before broadcast or expose to general public. Ste phen (1998) conducted a study to investigate whether consumers who are exposed to an advertisement containing a deceptive environmental claim have significantly different attitudes about the advertisements than those consumers exposed to a similar non-deceptive advertisement. He conclude the study mentioning that higher levels of perceived deception were associated with lower level of perceived corporate credibility, less favourable attitudes towards the advertisement, less favourable attitudes toward the advertised brand, and decreased purchase intention toward the product in the advertisement(Stephen, 1998). Marketing Pharmaceuticals-Increasing trend Marketing pharmaceuticals are very dynamic and innovative subject especially in this current business arena. Pharmaceutical industry is one of the most profitable businesses in all over the world. Kesic(2008) states that the world pharmaceutical industry has been changing profoundly in the last decade. Intensive globalization, increased competitiveness and the fight for global market shares create new challengers for pharmaceutical companies. Not only in pharmaceutical industry, but also in most of the business entities, profit maximization is a core objective. However, Chandra(1999) points out that pharmaceutical product companies are not like most other companies because most other companies do not deal with a product which directly affect human health. Reinhardt(2004) highlights that it is not clear that the current allocation of the pharmaceutical industrys revenue dollars to marketing and research development is efficient for societys point of view(Reinhardt, 2004).Kesic (2008) concludes that basic research and development(RD), together with marketing and sales activities two of the most important operative and even more strategic priorities of the world pharmaceutical industry. Having analysed these figures he has found that the biggest, inventive world pharmaceutical companies invest, on average, approximately 16% of their sales into RD and even more, about 26% or more into marketing and sales activities(Kesic, 2009). Drug companies really spend ample amount of money for marketing especially for direct-to-consumer advertising. Lisa(2008) says according to the IMS health report in 2006 in America, drug companies has spent nearly 5 billion on direct advertisements to consumers, and 80 percent increase over what they were spending in 2002(Lisa, 2008).Likewise Chiu(2005) explains that according to the National Institute for Health Care Management, U.S consumers spent $154.5 billion on prescription drugs in 2001.This amount to 10% of total health spending, wh ich account for 14.9 % of the U.S GDP as of 2002.In a publication Parker(2003) states that there is a little doubt that the pharmaceutical industry is a major force in todays economy as measured by both over-the-counter(OCT) and prescription drug sales and further more he says that it seems clear that there have been rather dramatic increases in advertising expenditures by pharmaceutical companies in the past few years. It also seems clear that these expenditures have coincided with significant increases in sales of both OTC drugs and prescription drugs(Parker, 2003). Promoting drugs to consumers directly has become a new trend in all over the world and many pharmaceutical companies have experienced it as a very effective way to market their products. Wilkes et al(2000) points out that direct to consumer drug(DTC) advertising of prescription drugs is affecting patients, doctors, and health care organizations in profound but not always predictable ways. Not only have the numbers of drugs advertised increased, but so have the drug companies advertising budgets directed at consumers. Wilkes et al (2000) further state that several news sources had suggested that drug manufactures earnings have directly benefited from this new promotional strategy(Michael, 2000). According to Moynihan et al(2002)theres a lot of money to be made from healthy people they are sick. Some forms of medicalising ordinary life may now be better described as disease mongering: widening the boundaries of treatable illness in order to expand markets for those who sell and deliver treatments(Moynihan, 2002). Director of research and policy at the National Institute for Health Care Management, Findlay(2000) concludes that Advertising works and pharmaceutical companies have successfully promoted their product to doctors for decades. They are now bringing that marketing survey to the consumer market place. The question is whether -over time-the benefits of raising consumers awareness of specific drugs and the conditions the medicines treat will outweigh the danger that consumers will bring to demand and use some medicines inappropriately(Findlay, 2000). Over-The-Counter Drugs and Paracetamol Advertising Over-the-counter drugs can be purchased any amount without a prescription anywhere in the world. But some researchers have pointed out having some sort of mechanism for issuing these drugs to consumers may reduce misuses. Trends towards greater availability are paralleled by increase in its use for both non-fatal overdoses and suicide. Paracetamol related morbidity and mortality seem to be less frequent in France where the quantity of paracetamol in a single purchase is limited. Although non conclusive, these data add to a body of evidence which suggest that restrictions in the quantity of paracetamol available as a single purchase in other countries can reduce suicide and liver failure related to paracetamol(D Gunnell, 1997).Most of these over-the-counter drugs are advertised frequently in mass media to get and keep attention of consumers on those products. Ashish(1999) in his research paper states that manufactures may attempt to familiarize consumers with brand names in hopes that the consumer will purchase product. The consumer may think that he has heard of this product and assume that it is somehow better than competitive product(Ashish, 1999).In his research paper Hawton(2004) clearly states that suicides and hospital admissions due to paracetamol poisoning reduced after change in legislation which is limiting the size of the available pack of the paracetamol for consumers and in his study he concludes that legislation reducing pack size of analgesics in the United Kingdom has been beneficial and further reduction in pack size could prevent more deaths(Hawton, 2004). Over the counter drug usage among children is very common. Allotey(2004) mentions in his recently published paper Research on the medication of preschool-aged children has suggested that the use of OTC medication is substantial. Kogan et al for instant, found that 54% of three year olds in the United States has been given OTC medications in the 30days preceding the study. In a common survey in New York, 22% of children have taken OTC medication in the preceding 3 day period. Studies in United Kingdom also indicated high rate of OTC medication use among children, ie,28% during a 2-week period and 66% during a 4-week period(Allotey, 2004). Wazaify(2005) emphasizes that increasing availability of non prescription medicines may encourage patients to believe that there is a drug treatment for every ailment. Furthermore, he explains the use of such products may delay/mask the diagnosis of serious illness, with increased risks of interactions and adverse reactions and of self treatment being undertaken when medical aid should have been sought. There is also the potential for misuse and abuse of such products(Wazaify, 2005). According to the Sri Lankan context there are many proprietary products under one generic product. Senarathna(2008) in her thesis of master of philosophy points out that there are around forty registered product of paracetamol in Sri Lanka(Senarathna, 2008).Weerasuriya(1993) points out there were 63 registered paracetamol products in the country in 1993 and paracetamol was the commonest drug registered in the OTC category(Weerasuriya, 1993). Ethics of Advertising OTC drugs It is clear there is an increasing trend of usage for OTC drugs in all over the world. Wazaify(2005) states that in recent years there have been an increasing trend in self-medication with non prescription drugs available in pharmacies and retail outlets and in parallel, more product have been deregulated for purchase without a prescription(Wazaify, 2005). At the same time Solhaug(2006) concludes in his recent abstract publication that only half of the information presented in drug advertisements was correct and clinically relevant and relatively few statements were fault, but a considerable proportion of statements gave an excessively positive picture of the product; hence, in general, this kind of information has no value as a source of information(Solhaug, 2006).Among the publications those point out that drug advertisements are not up to the standard especially OTC drug, Ashish(1999)states in his publication that in reality, it has been observed that pharmaceutical product advert isers often promote their products to achieve their own goals at the potential risk of having an adverse effect on the consumers health and this type of advertising is most often seen in OTC drug product advertisements(Ashish, 1999). Wazaify(2005) points out that the deregulation process has been championed by the pharmaceutical industry, the pharmacy profession and government health policy makers and is supported by the view that patients wish to have a greater role in their treatment choices. Almost all countries in the world has not allowed to pharmaceutical companies to advertise their product to consumers directly. Stremersh(2009) states in his research paper that so far only two countries, New Zealand and the United States, allow pharmaceutical marketers to advertise directly to consumers and in the same paper he further explains that due to this reason patient requests are often accommodated by physicians mainly because they affect physician visit satisfaction and show patients that the physician cares(Stremersch, 2009). Drugs are categorized into few groups and essentially there are two categories which are OTC drugs and prescription drugs. What is categorized as OTC varies from country to country and is dependent on the local legislative framework according to (Buckley, 2004). Many researchers have pointed out over-the-counter drugs has become a public health problem due to misuse, disease mongering and drug abuse and wrong, in appropriate or inadequate information given in the promotional program may have an impact of this health issue(Ashish, 1999, Allotey, 2004, Fernando, 2008, Buckley, n.d.). While there are government agencies charged with monitoring the marketing of medicines, typically this is one of many briefs for these agencies and is often only in a reactive fashion. In other words such monitoring as does occur, occurs only in response to complaints, and even then is often very slow and cumbersome'(Buckley, n.d.). Buckley(n.d.) urges that two things should be happen to put this issue in a correct track which are establishing independent monitoring bodies to police marketing codes of practice with real penalties and paying increased attention to the education of the consumers of pharmaceutical advertising, in particular those with prescribing pow ers(Buckley, n.d.).In Sri Lanka also the situation is almost same like most of the countries in the world. The government has imposed rules and regulations for promoting and advertising pharmaceuticals within the country. In a paper published by the Sri Lanka medical associations ethics committee recently says that Advertisement to the general public should help people to make rational decision on the use of drugs which are legally available without a prescription. They should take account of peoples legitimate desire for information regarding their health, but should not take undue advantage of their concern for their health. Drug advertisement should neither portray nor be directed at children. Advertisement may claim that a drug can cure, prevent or relieve an ailment only if this can be substantial. They should also indicate, where applicable, limitations to the use of the drug When lay language is used, the information should be consistent with the scientific data sheet or other legally determined scientific basis for approval. Language, pictures or sounds, which bring about undue fear or distress, should not be used. The following list illustrates the type of information that advertisement to the general public should contain The name of the active ingredient, using either international non-proprietary names or the approved generic name of the drug The brand name Major indication(s) for use Major precautions, contraindications for warning Name and the address of the manufacturer or the distributor Information to the consumer on price should be accurately and honestly portrayed(Committee(SLMAEC), 2003). Though the guidelines are clear, there is a doubt of implementing and practicing the guidelines in many countries including Sri Lanka. There is a big challenge and responsibility for the government authorities and regulatory bodies in terms of providing correct information to the consumers. Techniques, methods and effective advertising Pharmaceutical industry is in a pressure and Kesic(2008) states that fast globalization definitively reinforces the consolidation of the world pharmaceutical industry. There are so many challengers in pharmaceutical industry and drug companies running after many strategic moves to have sustainable competitive advantage. Direct marketing products to consumer have become one of the innovative methods to win the market comparatively. Buckley(n.d.) states that in United States all drugs may be promoted to consumer, but in practice direct to consumer advertising focuses on OTC and common ailment targeted prescription drugs(Buckley, n.d.). But some authors support to this argument and they mention direct to consumer advertising makes consumer better understanding and make more informative for drugs available to them(Leonard, 1999, Weissman, 2003). On the other hand some researchers like Maguire(1999) points out that American physicians are being asked to rubber stamp self diagnoses and sel f-prescriptions by patients. That is how some advertisements have been influenced on consumers. Kesic(2009) reveals in his paper that it is no surprise that the biggest world multinational pharmaceutical companies invest more than 25% of their sales into marketing activities in a goal to get considerable global market shares. Supporting to the argument of Kesic, Michael adds that not only have the number of drugs advertised increased, but so have the drug companies advertising budgets directed at consumers; the advertisements have also become far more sophisticated(Michael, 2000). A paper published in Thailand in 2005 on Radio drug advertisement situation and regulation in Thailand says advertising has a strong influence on the sale volume of any goods. Drug advertising covers media such as television, radio, newspaper, magazines, internet and printed materials. It further says that radio advertisements can easily mislead people in rural areas because of socioeconomic and educational status(Kittisopee, 2005). Allotey(2004) mentions that OTC medications promoted through televisi on, radio and print advertising directly targeted at women, housewives or working mothers, encourage them not only to self medication but also to dispense OTC medications to their children, because it is important to establish a lifelong pattern of sensible (drug)use'(Allotey, 2004), Ashish(1999) explains that all pharmaceutical advertising is not bad but advertisements should be considered what they are promotions. Drug marketers should always try to follow the unwritten rules of marketing ethics and consider what is best for their consumers before developing a particular advertising strategy. Nowadays the issue is consumer can purchase any kind of drug online. Buckley(2004) highlights in his paper that consumers can purchase all kind of prescription drugs online often without need for a proper prescription and he further points out that most internet pharmacies provide poor quality information(Buckley, 2004). Moynihan(2002) expresses that inappropriate medication carries the dangers of unnecessary labelling, poor treatment decisions, iatrogenic illness, and economic waste, as well as the opportunity cost that result when resources are diverted away from treating or preventing more serious disease(Moynihan, 2002). How consumers are misled -Reliability, Relevance and adequacy of Advertisements Many research papers point out that drug advertisements mislead consumers in many ways directly or indirectly (Sidney, 2002, Michael, 2000, Ashish, 1999, Findlay, 2000). Though it is a common phenomena in all over the world, a practical guide on understanding and responding to pharmaceutical promotion published by the world health organization recently explains clearly how information is given to consumers in advertisements in developed and developing countries. It says while advertisements from developed countries typically contain nearly all of the information listed in the box, this is not always the case in developing countries(WHO, n.d.). The table below published by Hawkins(1993)in his research paper support to the above argument strongly and in the discussion he states that indications were mentioned more often than the negative effects of medicines. Important warnings and precautions were missing in half of the advertisements while side effects and contraindications in about forty percent. Price tended to be given only in countries where a social security system pays for the medicines(Herxheimer, 1993). Nowadays there is a trend of promoting drugs through internet. Buckley(n.d.)mentions on his research paper that most of the internet advertisements provide less information or poor quality information. Many pharmaceutical companies mislead consumers in many ways. A United States Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has issued 88 letters accusing drug companies of advertising violations from August 1997 to Aug 2002(Buckley, n.d.). Most of the time drug companies overstated the effectiveness of the promoting drug and they always keep attention not to highlight its risk. Some companies disseminate advertisements misleading advertisements even after they were warned or cited for violations(Gottlieb, 2002). Some drug companies stimulate consumers to buy expensive or new drugs which has high profit margin and it raises the health care cost of consumers as well as of the country ultimately. Some drugs promoted by pharmaceutical companies have limited Medical beneficiaries but those are heavily advertised because of the high profit margin. Rebecca(2010) says its almost impossible for the public to actually parse the ads and come to their own independent conclusions(Rebecca, 2010). But Weissman(2003)states in his research paper that industrys argument is that patients are highly motivated to seek the best available treatment for their condition and they need and deserve more and better information on which to base their judgement(Weissman, 2003). It is true if the pharmaceutical advertisements provide proper, balance and correct information to their consumers. A research done in Thailand, sharing the findings says that 22% radio advertisements have misled consumers and only 7% of the advertisements have recommended an appropriate dose among studied advertisements. Further more a warning message was found in only 3% of the advertisements and name of the manufacturers were present only 20% of the advertisements collected(Kittisopee, 2005).Weil(2009) is really against the trend of this drug advertisements. He says many adv ised drugs are not only ineffective, but have serious side effects that are frequently played down (and occasionally cancelled) by manufactures. Because advertised drugs have such vast profit potentials, political and financial interests collude to speed them to market before they have received sufficient scientific scrutiny(Weil, 2009). Now there is a trend of using popular characters for marketing advertisements of drugs and sometimes they are neither reliable nor relevance. In a paper published by Michael(2000) says that Now advertisements enlist well-known personalities to endorse pharmaceutical products (Michael, 2000). Lot of people imitate and follow famous personalities and it help pharmaceuticals to reach consumer quickly and in a familiar manner. Criticizing this promotional tactics Weil(2009) says in his report that Sally Field is a talented actor, But what qualifies her to promote Boniva, an osteoporosis drug that is of limited benefit, has worrisome side effects, and for which there are natural alternatives that merit careful consideration?.(Weil, 2009) Drug companies are in the process of promoting their product to consumers in many ways. Sometimes they may use health care professionals to reach consumers because they know that consumer believe professionals who have background knowledge about treatments. Wazaify(2005) points out in his recent published paper that The main factor found to influence the publics choice of OTC medicines was pharmacist recommendation. This is reassuring especially with increasing availability of potent medications without prescription and the increased potential for interactions(Wazaify, 2005). It is one of the indirect marketing methods that the pharmaceutical industry uses. On the other hand people have a belief that over the counter drugs like paracetamol do not have serious side effects. Some over the counter drugs have serious side effects when consumer uses it with some other medications. A very good example is Viagra used for erectile dysfunction. If consumer use it while using nitrate as a treatment of blood pressure, it cause severe drop of blood pressure which is difficult to treat. Buckley(n.d.)says it has mentioned on advertisements but in a much smaller font, it is You must not take Viagra if you are using any nitrate medication including amyl(poppers). It may lead to a severe drop of your blood pressure that may be difficulty to treat. As sexual activity may be a strain on your heart your doctor will need to check whether you are fit enough to use Viagra(Buckley, n.d.). Buckley points out the ordinary people do not know what is nitrate medications and they cannot recognize from this statement that the combination of these two drugs will enou gh to kill them more often. Supporting to this argument Wazaify(2005) mentions that consumers generally believe that only safe medicines are permitted to be sold without prescription and OTC medicines do not usually have serious side-effects(Wazaify, 2005). Some giant pharmaceutical companies have their own physicians, independent monitoring committees and analytical groups etc. They make aware public some new drugs which are effective treatment for some diseases which are common among current generation and they suggest through advertisements, that it may be effective to use their drugs or supplementary product to prevent from those diseases. This is another current trend in the world and basically what they do is label healthy people that they are sick. Supporting to this arguments Moynihan(2002) express his view in this paper stating that Within any disease categories informal alliances have emerged, comprising drug company staff, doctors and consumer groups. Ostensibly engaged in raising public awareness about undiagnosed and under treated problem, these alliances tend to promote a view of their particular condition as widespread, serious, and treatable. Because these disease awareness campaigns are commonly linked to companies mark eting strategies , they operate to expand market for new pharmaceutical products(Moynihan, 2002). Extensive advertising and promotion has put on higher price on pharmaceuticals. Consumer has become the victim of those expensive pharmaceuticals. Dave(2010)says Promotion may affect price through two difference processes. First, promotion may increase demand and/or reduce the absolute magnitude of the demand price elasticity (that is, reduce the price responsiveness of purchasers), which may raise price. Second, the increasing operation cost due to high promotional spending may be shifted to purchasers in the form of higher price. Concluding his findings he states that in addition to potential misuse, the cost of direct to consumer advertising result from increased drug price and increased use of expensive drugs in place of equally effective lower-price drugs(Dave, 2010). Effect of Misleading Many researchers have pointed out that misleading consumer due to unprofessional advertisement of the pharmaceutical industry has created considerable issue to the society in many countries(Herxheimer, 1993, Dave, 2010, Leonard, 1999, Ashish, 1999). There is a reasonable doubt whether consumers spend money for their real requirements of treatments. Moynihan(2002) says drug companies earn lot of money form healthy people and it is better to describe as disease mongering. He further says whereas some aspects of medicalisation are the subject of ongoing debate, the mechanics of corporate backed disease mongering, and its impact on public consciousness, medical practice, human health, and national budgets, have attracted limited critical scrutiny(Moynihan, 2002). There are people who count this criticism and say Direct To Consumer Advertisements (DTCA) fosters rapid detection of disease and promote grater compliance with treatment regimes. Further more they suggest that DTCA is simply pa rt of a wider social trend whereby consumers take greater responsibility for their health care(Hoek, 2002). Pharmaceutical industry may grab ample amount of money from consumers through unprofessional promotions and advertising drugs. Most of the time heavily promoted drugs may has less clinically importance considering the price as the generic drug provide almost similar clinical effect at a cheap price. Parker(2003),supporting to this argument says Prescription drugs such as Celebrex and Vioxx are heavily promoted and cost the consumer just over $2per pill, while generic ibuprofen, which cost the consumer pennies per pill, often work just as well(Parker, 2003). Effective and attractive advertisement can attract consumer towards the product some times without considering the quality or the value of the product. Ashish(1999) states in his publication that Advertising is thought to contribute to the economy as well. By effective promoting increase in promotion of goods and services may occur, which in turn can result in increase in sales and the flow of money within society(Ashish, 1999).B ut some researchers expresses a different idea about the relationship between drug price and drug advertisements. They point out when drugs are advertised, the market is more competitive and due to that the price of the particular drug reduces. Research has generally found that advertising tend to reduce price, rather than increase them, primarily because advertising makes markets more competitive(Calfee, 2002). Sometimes drug advertisement give wrong information due to many reasons for consumers and it is affected for less dose or overdose usage of drugs. A general problem associated with drug advertisements is that it is a powerful influence which may motivate consumers to select overly expensive, overrated, or less than optimum medications for their particular needs. More specifically, it is possible to identify numerous individual problems associated with the promotional practice(Ashish, 1999). Our culture very much believes in the More in Better principle and consumers sometimes even hospitalized or suffer from serious long term complications due to this misleading information. Galapatti says it is important that media try and make people aware of the side effects and danger of excessive usage of these